Bitcoin Sidechains Explained: The Liquid Network

Bitcoin Sidechains Explained: The Liquid Network
Cryptocurrency - April 20 2025 by Bruce Pea

Liquid Network Comparison Tool

Liquid Network

Fast settlement with Confidential Transactions

Lightning Network

Instant off-chain micropayments

Rootstock (RSK)

Smart contract compatibility with Bitcoin

Bitcoin Mainnet

Full decentralization with slower confirmations

Feature Comparison Table
Feature Liquid Network Lightning Network Rootstock (RSK) Bitcoin Mainnet
Block Time 1 minute Instant (off-chain) 30 seconds 10 minutes
Privacy Confidential Transactions Limited (no amount hiding) Standard (transparent) Transparent
Asset Issuance Yes, via RGB No native issuance Smart-contract tokens (EVM compatible) No native issuance
Decentralization Federated (15 functionaries) Fully decentralized Federated plus PoW miners Fully decentralized
Typical Use Case Institutional swaps, private transfers Micropayments, fast retail Smart contracts, dApps General transactions
Transaction Speed Fast (1 min) Instant (off-chain) Fast (30 sec) Slow (10 min)
Cost Efficiency Low (~0.00001 L-BTC) Very Low (micro-fees) Low (gas fees) Variable (up to $1.50)
Quick Facts About Liquid Network
  • Launch Date: October 27, 2018
  • Network Consensus: Federated proof-of-authority with 15 functionaries
  • Block Time: 1 minute
  • Privacy Layer: Confidential Transactions
  • Asset Representation: L-BTC (1:1 peg of Bitcoin)
  • Transaction Throughput: ~1,000 TPS
  • PEG-In Time: ~17 hours (102 BTC confirmations)
Use Case Selector

Select your priority to see which solution best matches your needs:

Bitcoin’s base layer is solid, but it can feel slow for big traders and institutions. The Liquid Network is a Bitcoin sidechain built by Blockstream that tackles exactly those pain points. It lets you move Bitcoin between the main chain and a faster, private ledger while keeping a strict 1‑to‑1 peg. If you’re wondering whether the extra speed and privacy are worth the trade‑off in decentralisation, keep reading - we’ll walk through how Liquid works, when it shines, and where it falls short.

Quick Takeaways

  • Liquid settles transactions in about 1-2minutes, far quicker than Bitcoin’s 60‑plus‑minute finality.
  • It uses Confidential Transactions to hide amounts while still proving they’re valid.
  • Assets on Liquid are represented as L‑BTC, a 1:1 peg of Bitcoin locked on the main chain.
  • The network runs on a federated consensus of 15 functionaries, requiring 11 signatures per block.
  • Ideal for institutional trading, tokenised assets, and private transfers - less suited for pure decentralisation purists.

What Is the Liquid Network?

At its core, Liquid is a sidechain that runs its own blockchain but stays linked to Bitcoin via a verifiable peg. When you “peg‑in” BTC, the coins are locked in a multi‑signature address managed by the federation. In return, the same amount of L‑BTC appears on Liquid, ready to be sent, mixed, or used to issue new tokens.

The network launched on October272018 and has since grown to over 70 federation members, including exchanges like Bitfinex, Kraken, and BitMEX. Its primary goal is to give traders the speed and privacy they need without abandoning Bitcoin’s core value.

How the 1‑to‑1 Peg Works

When you initiate a peg‑in, you send Bitcoin to a federation‑controlled 2‑of‑2 multi‑sig address. The transaction must sit on the Bitcoin blockchain for 102 confirmations (roughly 17hours). Once those confirmations are recorded, the federation releases the matching amount of L‑BTC on Liquid, usually within two Liquid blocks (about 2minutes). Peg‑out works the opposite way: you send L‑BTC to a special address on Liquid, wait for two Liquid confirmations, and the federation unlocks the original BTC on the main chain. Because the total supply of L‑BTC never exceeds the locked BTC, the peg remains mathematically sound.

Vault with 15 guardians approving a peg‑in, showing confidential transaction bubble.

Technical Specs that Matter

  • Block time: 1minute (vs. Bitcoin’s 10minutes).
  • Consensus model: Federated proof‑of‑authority with 15 functionaries; at least 11 signatures needed per block.
  • Privacy layer: Confidential Transactions hide amounts while still allowing network verification.
  • Transaction throughput: ~1,000TPS, with average fees of 0.00001L‑BTC (≈$0.35).
  • Hardware requirements: 4GB RAM, 100GB storage, x86_64 architecture; runs on Windows, macOS, Linux.

Key Use Cases

Institutional trading - Exchanges route large volumes through Liquid to settle within minutes, cutting exposure to Bitcoin’s price volatility during long confirmation windows. In Q12024, Bitfinex reported that 37% of its BTC trades happened on Liquid.

Tokenised assets - The network’s RGB protocol enables issuance of stablecoins, securities, and NFTs. By Q22024, more than $500million worth of tokens had been minted, including USDT equivalents worth $420million.

Confidential transfers - Financial firms use Confidential Transactions to move large sums without revealing amounts, a feature absent in the Lightning Network.

Liquid vs. Other Bitcoin Scaling Solutions

Liquid, Lightning Network, and Rootstock (RSK) at a glance
Feature Liquid Network Lightning Network Rootstock (RSK)
Block time 1minute Instant (off‑chain) 30seconds
Privacy Confidential Transactions Limited (no amount hiding) Standard (transparent)
Asset issuance Yes, via RGB No native issuance Smart‑contract tokens (EVM compatible)
Decentralisation Federated (15 functionaries) Fully decentralized Federated plus PoW miners
Typical use case Institutional swaps, private transfers Micropayments, fast retail Smart contracts, dApps

Liquid excels where you need fast settlement *and* confidentiality, but it sacrifices the trustless nature prized by Bitcoin purists. Lightning wins for everyday payments; RSK shines for Ethereum‑style contracts.

Traders exchanging L‑BTC tokens in a futuristic market with v2 upgrades.

Getting Started on Liquid

1. **Choose a wallet** - BlockstreamGreen (free), Jade hardware wallet (≈$79), or the web‑based AQUA.

2. **Peg‑in BTC** - Send Bitcoin to the federation’s multi‑sig address from your regular wallet. Wait 102 confirmations (≈17hours).

3. **Receive L‑BTC** - After the confirmations, the same amount appears in your Liquid wallet. You can now trade, issue tokens, or send confidentially.

4. **Peg‑out** - To move back to the main chain, send L‑BTC to a peg‑out address, wait two Liquid blocks, and the BTC will be released on Bitcoin.

Common hiccups include misunderstanding the 102‑confirmation wait and mis‑configuring wallet fee settings. Support tickets show that 32% of issues stem from these simple errors.

Risks, Criticisms, and Mitigations

Centralisation concern - Because a limited set of functionaries validate blocks, a compromised member could theoretically censor transactions. The mitigation is a rotating federation and a high threshold (11 out of 15 signatures).

Censorship resistance - Users give up Bitcoin’s absolute permission‑less nature. For most traders the speed gain outweighs this, but privacy‑first activists should evaluate alternatives.

Complex peg process - The long wait for peg‑ins can be confusing. Clear UI cues in wallets and better educational content (Blockstream’s recent guide) help reduce mistakes.

Smart‑contract limitation - Liquid currently lacks full EVM compatibility, limiting complex dApps. The upcoming integration of RGB and Taproot assets (target Q12025) aims to close that gap.

Future Roadmap

Liquid v2, slated for Q32024, will bring Schnorr signatures, cutting transaction size by 25% and tightening privacy. The federation grew to 73 members in April2024, adding CoinbasePrime and Swissquote, which improves geographic diversity.

In 2025 the network plans to support Taproot assets and a deeper RGB integration, opening the door to more sophisticated smart contracts and regulated security tokens. Analysts at GalaxyDigital forecast the total value locked could hit $3.5billion by 2026, driven by institutional demand.

Liquid Network offers a compelling middle ground: faster, private Bitcoin transfers without abandoning the underlying asset’s security. Whether that trade‑off fits your needs depends on how you weigh speed, privacy, and decentralisation.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long does a peg‑in take?

A peg‑in requires 102 Bitcoin block confirmations, which typically takes around 17hours. After that, L‑BTC appears on Liquid within two minutes.

What privacy does Liquid provide?

Liquid uses Confidential Transactions to hide the amount of each transfer while still allowing the network to verify that inputs equal outputs.

Can I use Liquid for DeFi applications?

Not yet. Liquid focuses on fast settlement and token issuance. Upcoming RGB and Taproot integrations aim to add limited smart‑contract capabilities later in 2025.

Is Liquid safe for my funds?

Liquid inherits Bitcoin’s security model for the locked BTC. The federated consensus adds a layer of trust, but with 15 reputable functionaries and a high‑signature threshold, no major breaches have been reported to date.

How does Liquid compare cost‑wise to Bitcoin?

Typical Liquid fees are about 0.00001L‑BTC (≈$0.35), far lower than Bitcoin’s average $1.50 fee during congestion. The lower cost comes from the faster block time and smaller block size.

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Comments (12)

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    Laura Herrelop

    October 10, 2025 AT 14:10

    They say it's 'pegged' to Bitcoin but let's be real - if the federation goes dark or gets bought by the Fed, your L-BTC turns into digital confetti. They’re not just fast, they’re *controlled*. And control is the real currency here. You think you’re trading Bitcoin? Nah. You’re trading trust in a boardroom full of guys in suits who already own your data.

    Bitcoin was supposed to be the end of intermediaries. Liquid? It’s the finale of the middleman ballet. 11 signatures? That’s not decentralization - that’s a corporate committee with a blockchain tattoo.

    I’m not anti-tech. I’m anti-illusion. They call it ‘Bitcoin sidechain’ like it’s a cousin. It’s not. It’s a corporate mascot wearing a Bitcoin hat.

    And don’t even get me started on ‘Confidential Transactions.’ If you can’t see the amounts, how do you know they’re not printing L-BTC like Monopoly money? The math looks clean. The incentives? Not so much.

    They’re not solving Bitcoin’s problems. They’re monetizing its pain. And you? You’re the sucker paying for the VIP pass to the same cage, just with faster doors.

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    Nisha Sharmal

    October 11, 2025 AT 13:09

    Oh wow, a sidechain that’s actually useful? In India we’ve been waiting for this since 2017. Your ‘decentralization purists’ are the same people who still think Bitcoin should be mined with a toaster and a prayer.

    Let me guess - you also think every blockchain should run on a Raspberry Pi in your grandma’s basement? Liquid moves $500M in tokenized assets and you’re worried about 15 people signing blocks?

    At least these 15 are legit exchanges. Not some anonymous guy from Kazakhstan who ‘mined’ 10 BTC in 2014 and now runs a Telegram bot that says ‘HODL’ every 10 minutes.

    India’s biggest exchanges use Liquid. Your fear of authority is just your fear of progress dressed up as ideology. Grow up.

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    Karla Alcantara

    October 11, 2025 AT 22:33

    This is actually so exciting! I’ve been waiting for a way to move Bitcoin without the agonizing wait times - and now we have privacy *and* speed? Yes please.

    It’s not perfect, but nothing worth having ever is. Liquid feels like a bridge, not a betrayal. It’s letting real institutions - the ones who move real money - interact with Bitcoin without breaking its soul.

    And the fact that they’re adding RGB and Taproot assets in 2025? That’s the kind of thoughtful evolution I can get behind.

    To everyone scared of federation: remember, Bitcoin started with one guy coding in his basement. Now it’s a global network. Maybe Liquid is the next step - not the end of decentralization, but a smarter way to scale it.

    Keep building, Blockstream. You’re doing something real.

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    Jessica Smith

    October 12, 2025 AT 15:00

    15 guys with signature keys and you call this Bitcoin? Pathetic. You’re not trading crypto you’re trading a bank account with a blockchain sticker.

    Confidential Transactions? So you can hide your money laundering? Great. Now the FBI has to guess how much you stole.

    And you think $0.35 fees are low? Try living in a country where $0.35 buys you a meal. This isn’t for the people. It’s for hedge funds who want to move $50M without anyone noticing.

    They call it ‘pegged’ but it’s just a puppet show. The strings are in New York. The marionettes are in Hong Kong. And you? You’re the one paying the ticket.

    Stop calling this innovation. It’s just Wall Street with a whitepaper.

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    Petrina Baldwin

    October 12, 2025 AT 16:29

    Why is the peg-in 17 hours? That’s insane.

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    Ralph Nicolay

    October 13, 2025 AT 02:45

    While the technical architecture of the Liquid Network presents a compelling case for institutional adoption, one must critically evaluate the implicit centralization risks inherent in the federated consensus model. The requirement of 11-of-15 signatures introduces a non-trivial single point of failure, particularly when considering the potential for collusion or regulatory coercion among the functionaries. Furthermore, the extended peg-in latency of 102 confirmations, while mathematically sound, may not align with the operational requirements of time-sensitive financial workflows. A comparative analysis with Lightning Network’s off-chain efficiency suggests that Liquid’s value proposition may be narrowly confined to high-value, low-frequency transactions, thereby limiting its scalability potential within the broader Bitcoin ecosystem.

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    sundar M

    October 13, 2025 AT 12:45

    Bro this is actually fire! I was skeptical at first but seeing Bitfinex and Kraken on it? That’s a win.

    And the $500M in tokenized assets? That’s not just tech - that’s real economy happening. I used to think Bitcoin was only for speculators, but now I see it’s becoming the backbone for real finance.

    Yeah the federation isn’t perfect, but neither is the Fed. At least here you can see who’s running things. No shady algorithms, no hidden banks - just 15 legit players with skin in the game.

    And the RGB stuff coming next year? That’s gonna blow up. Imagine issuing stocks, bonds, even NFTs on Bitcoin without leaving the chain. That’s not a sidechain - that’s a revolution.

    Keep going. We need more of this. Not less.

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    Nick Carey

    October 14, 2025 AT 03:18

    So basically it’s Bitcoin but faster and more private… but you have to trust a group of companies?

    Why not just use a regular bank? At least they give you customer service.

    I’m just here for the memes. But if you want to move money fast, just use Coinbase. They already do this stuff behind the scenes anyway.

    Feels like overengineering for people who hate waiting 10 minutes.

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    Sonu Singh

    October 14, 2025 AT 06:49

    liquid is dope but i think u forgot to mention the rgb protocal is still in beta and not all wallets support it yet. also peg out can take longer if the federation is busy. i tried once and it took 12 min not 2. and the fees are low but sometimes the wallet shows wrong amount if u dont set manual fee. also dont use web wallet like aqua if u have more than 1 btc. hardware is safer. and yeah the 102 confs is pain but its for security. just be patient. its worth it.

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    Peter Schwalm

    October 14, 2025 AT 22:03

    Just wanted to say - if you’re new to Liquid, start with Blockstream Green. It’s free, open source, and the UI walks you through the peg-in step by step. I helped a friend set it up last week and she was confused at first too - especially with the 102 confirmations.

    But once she saw her L-BTC show up in 2 minutes after waiting, she was blown away. We did a $500 trade and settled it in 90 seconds. That’s something you just can’t do on Bitcoin mainnet.

    And yes, the federation isn’t perfect - but it’s way more transparent than your bank’s backend. You can see who’s in it. You can audit the signatures. That’s more than most financial systems offer.

    Don’t let the fear of ‘centralization’ stop you from using something that actually works. Bitcoin’s future isn’t just one path. It’s a network of tools. Liquid is one of the most powerful ones we’ve got right now.

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    Alex Horville

    October 14, 2025 AT 22:37

    15 companies control Bitcoin’s future now? Great. So now the U.S. and China can just pressure them to freeze accounts. This isn’t freedom. This is crypto colonialism.

    You think this is innovation? It’s just the same old financial control system with a new name. They took Bitcoin’s soul and sold it to hedge funds.

    And now you’re proud? You’re not a crypto user. You’re a renter.

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    Marianne Sivertsen

    October 15, 2025 AT 01:49

    It’s interesting how we keep framing this as ‘decentralized vs centralized’ like it’s a binary. But maybe the real question is: what kind of trust are we comfortable with?

    Bitcoin’s trust is mathematical. Liquid’s trust is institutional. One is abstract. The other is human.

    For most people, the human version works better. You know who the players are. You can look them up. You can call them if something goes wrong.

    That’s not weakness. It’s pragmatism.

    And honestly? The fact that Liquid is growing with Coinbase and Swissquote? That’s not a betrayal of Bitcoin - it’s proof that Bitcoin’s value is strong enough to be borrowed by the system it was meant to disrupt.

    Maybe we don’t need to destroy the old world to build a better one. Maybe we just need to give it a Bitcoin upgrade.

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